MAINTENANCE
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Compressed air, considered to be the “4th Utility,” is necessary in most manufacturing plants. The generation of compressed air requires large amounts of energy and can account for up to 10% of a plant’s total energy costs. Up to 93% of the energy required to compress air is converted to heat energy. By recovering and redirecting this heat, some of the operating costs associated with compressed air can be offset. Due to their operating principles and design, lubricated rotary screw air compressors are highly suited to the recovery of the heat of compression. In such units, this heat is removed by flooding the compression chamber with a lubricating fluid. The fluid is then separated from the compressed air and cooled by the use of an air-cooled heat exchanger. Additional heat can be recovered from the compressed air after-cooler. Cooling air flow is generated by the compressor package cooling fan. While water-cooled models are available, the recovery of this heat is more costly and complicated. The amount of heat recovered can vary with heat exchanger effectiveness, but is typically 80-90%. Hot air recovered from the compressor can be from 35°F to 50°F higher than ambient. Heat recovery and—subsequently—energy savings are reduced when a compressor is operating at less than full capacity.

Applications Abound
There are many different applications for recovered heat of compression. Each offers unique savings opportunities, as well as installation considerations and investment. Potential applications include the following:

Preheated Make-Up Air:  A preheated make-up air application involves ducting the compressor package inlet outside the building. The outside air is heated as it is used for cooling and exhausted into the space surrounding the compressor. For every cubic foot of air pulled in by the heat recovery system, a cubic foot of air that would have infiltrated the building at outside temperature is eliminated. Savings are realized because the plant’s primary heating system does not have to heat the air brought into the building by the heat recovery system.

This application can yield significant savings and a short payback period since installation costs are minimized. No extensive ductwork or booster fans are required to connect to the plant’s primary heating system. Additionally, a higher flow fan may not be required in the compressor package. In colder environments, care must be taken so that the temperature of the outside air drawn into the compressor package is not so low that it will cause the air or moisture in the lines to freeze. Heat recovery systems are available that can automatically recirculate warm air to maintain a constant temperature inside a compressor package. This functionality also can provide a compressor with the ability to operate in unheated spaces, as well as maintain a more comfortable exhaust temperature.

Supplementary Heating:  A heat recovery system can also be used to supplement a plant’s primary heating system. In this instance, it is desirable for the air to be heated to a higher temperature than in a preheated make-up air application. This type of installation may require more extensive ductwork to distribute the heated air. Consideration must be given to the compressor package cooling fan. Extensive ductwork may necessitate a higher-flow fan or downstream booster fans.

As with a preheated make-up air installation, use of a thermostatically controlled heat recovery system drawing in outside air can increase savings by reducing infiltration while still providing usable heat. A system without this level of control may not be able to heat the outside air to a temperature sufficient for space heating.

Process Heating:  Recovered heat of compression may be used in process heating such as parts drying and boiler preheating. A benefit to this application is the high rate of return due to the year-round heat recovery. This also can provide opportunity for heat recovery in warm climates. One installation consideration is proximity of the compressor to the point of usage. In addition to minimizing heat loss through ductwork, the cost of ductwork and booster fans will be minimized by placing the compressor close to the point of use.

In a heating or preheated make-up air system there are instances in which it is desirable to reject the recovered heat outdoors. This can be accomplished by use of additional ductwork and manually actuated dampers. It is possible to fabricate or purchase a system which will automatically utilize or reject the recovered heat of compression based on building and outside conditions.

Calculating Savings
Calculating potential savings and payback time from recovering heat of compression can vary depending on compressor size, operating conditions, local energy rates, use of the recovered heat, location and initial investment.

A 300 HP compressor can generate 12,378 BTU/minute. This represents 7.42 therms/hour of usable heat that is worth $3,710 per 1,000 hours of compressor operation at $0.50/therm. Annual heating cost savings of up to $14,840 easily can be realized. These savings are achieved without negative impact to the compressor’s cooling efficiency.

As energy costs continue to rise, utilizing recovered heat from the production of compressed air becomes more attractive - much more attractive! While systems can be fitted to existing machines, the best time to configure a heat recovery system is upon the purchase and installation of new and replacement equipment.

December 2009

The IMI News is a bi-monthly publication of the International Maintenance Institute. It features news and upcoming events from IMI Chapters, along with informative technical articles written by authors from around the country.

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